SOURCE WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment is the process of removing all those substances,
whether biological, chemical or physical, that are potentially harmful in water and ensurewater that is safe, palatable, clear, colourless and odourless.
Water also needs to be non-corrosive, meaning it will not cause damage to pipework.
In urban areas, many people live close together and they all need water.
This creates a demand for large volumes of safe water to be supplied reliably and consistently, and this demand is growing.

As urban populations increase, there is a need to find new sources to meet the growing demand.
If groundwater is available this can often be used with minimal treatment
but any surface water source will need to be treated to make it safe.


Process of Source water Treatment

1. Prefiltration:

Prefiltration, involving screening or coarse filtration, is a common means of pretreatment for  systems that is designed to remove large particles and debris.

2. Water softening:

Water softening is a process in which the ions of calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron are removed. It is these ions in hard water that make it difficult for products with other positively charged ions to dissolve in the water.
By doing this, the water softening removes the offending minerals from the water.

3. Ultrafiltration:

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane filtration process similar to Reverse Osmosis, using hydrostatic pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. The pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane is usually 103 - 106 Daltons.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven barrier to suspended solids, bacteria, viruses, endotoxins and other pathogens to produce water with very high purity and low silt density.

4. Nanofiltration:

Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration-based method that uses nanometer
sized through-pores that pass through the membrane.
Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 nanometers, smaller than that used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but just larger than that in reverse osmosis.
Membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin films.
This technique is mainly applied for the removal of organic substances, such as micro pollutants and multivalent ions.

5. Reverse osmosis (RO) :

Revrse Osmosis is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water.
Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water.

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